{"product_id":"lasertex-hpi-3d-laser-interferometer-range-0-30m-80m-available-resolution-0-1-nm-accuracy-0-4-ppm-with-tripod-wireless-connection-to-a-pc-native-resolution-of-100-pm-measurements-of-vibration-up-to-100-khz-dynamic-measurements-up-to-100-000-samp","title":"Lasertex HPI-3D laser interferometer. Range 0-30M ( 80M Available) Resolution 0.1 nm, Accuracy 0.4 ppm, With Tripod, Wireless connection to a PC, Native resolution of 100 pm, Measurements of vibration up to 100 kHz, Dynamic measurements up to 100 000 samp","description":"\u003cul class=\"mb0 uspList\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cmain class=\"page-main\" id=\"maincontent\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"columns\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"column main\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-detail-container\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-detail-right\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-info-main\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product attribute overview\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"value\" itemprop=\"description\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaser Measurement System HPI-3D is an result of more than 20 years experience in the field of high quality laser interferometers. The instrument represents a “know-how” in the laser measurements field featuring best parameters, highest quality, very rich set of parameters and options, ease of use and compactness. \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/317-2\/\" title=\"Downloads\" target=\"_blank\"\u003eInstruction\u003c\/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/317-2\/\" title=\"Downloads\" target=\"_blank\"\u003efull software\u003c\/a\u003eversion available.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerformance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo more limits during measurements! HPI-3D shifts the frontier of parameters available in modern laser interferometers. Extremely high measurable movement speed, ultra high resolution and very high sampling rate make the device suitable even for highly demanding applications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHPI-3D is able to measure objects moving with speeds up to 7m\/s with the standard resolution of 100pm. Automatic compensation of environmental conditions is performed one hundred thousand times per each second. Vibrations of frequency up to 50 kHz  can be easily measured. Even better parameters are available on request!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVersatility\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough there is no universal measurement device but the HPI-3D comes close. The instrument can be used for measurement of long (tens of meters) and extremely short (hundreds of picometers) distances, for detecting very high and indefinitely slow movement, for monitoring vibrations, measuring angle, comparing distance, testing straightness, flatness, squareness, parallelism and many more. The laser can be used in scientific laboratories, machine industry halls and in the open air. Not only can it be controlled by a PC, tablet or a smartphone but its functionality can be modified by the user in many ways.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg height=\"242\" width=\"302\" alt=\"DSC_0019a\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/DSC_0019a-300x240.jpg\" class=\"wp-image-1263 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEase of Use\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe HPI-3D was designed with the emphasis on user-friendliness and portability. The instrument has built-in wireless connectivity and can work with or without PC connection. It can be mounted directly on the measured object (e.g. inside a machine) simplifying the measurement path and allowing to spare on the alignment time. The laser is available in a small and sturdy transportation case offering superb portability. Easy to use, yet powerful PC software make the usage of the complete device an easy task even for inexperienced users.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApplications\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePositioning of CNC and CMM machines\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMachine geometry inspection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRapid assessment of machine geometry\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlatness measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAxes parallelism measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAngular positioning\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBall screw inspection\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMachine servicing\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVibration measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStraightness measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSquarness measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDynamic measurements with internal or external strobe\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmall angle measurements\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVariety of laboratory applications\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeatures\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNative resolution of 100 pm (higher on demand) obtainable at all speeds \u003c\/strong\u003e– Basic resolution of HeNe laser based laser interferometers is 158,2nm. The HPI-3D utilizes a special combination of heterodyne and homodyne optical configurations in order to achieve a basic resolution of 100pm for single pass optics and 50pm for double pass optics with a superb, sub nanometer measurement linearity. The signal processing path of HPI-3D allows achieving maximal resolution at any measured speed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurements of vibration up to 100 kHz\u003c\/strong\u003e – When connecting HPI-3D over USB port it is possible to monitor vibrations of a measured object at frequencies up to 100 kHz with resolutions down to picometers. Such parameters allows using the instrument in the field thus far reserved for specialized laser vibrometers. Additionally a specialized optics with very light reflecting element for improved accuracy can be used.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDynamic measurements up to 100 000 samples per second\u003c\/strong\u003e –\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eA CNC or CMM machine is a dynamic object that requires to be characterized with the use of proper tools. HPI-3D offers unique capability of monitoring machine parameters like position, velocity or acceleration every 10 microseconds for practically indefinite time. The information gathered in the dynamic mode of HPI-3D can be used for further analysis with the use of specialized mathematical software.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eMax measurable velocity up to +\/- 7m\/s (up to +\/- 20m\/s on demand) \u003c\/strong\u003e–\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eIn today’s industry there exists a clear trend of increasing speed of CNC machine processing. Testing of those machines requires an instrument capable of handling high or very high movement speed. HPI-3D with its unrivaled high frequency architecture offers a standard measurable velocity of +\/- 7m\/s and an option of an unimaginable +\/- 20m\/s!\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eRapid estimation of machine geometry with 3D subsystem\u003c\/strong\u003e – An inherent and very unique part of the HPI-3D is the subsystem for measurement of the position of the laser beam in space. The instrument is capable of simultaneous measurement of the reflective element position change in all three directions making possible rapid estimation of machine geometry with the use of the simplest linear optics. Machine geometry parameters like: straightness, squareness or parallelism can be easily assessed.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eConfigurable encoder output \u003c\/strong\u003e– \u003cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003eHPI-3D interferometer can function as a replacement of magnetic and glass scales, i.e. as a high-precision laser encoder. The encoder output is fully configurable from the HPI Software with simultaneous differential digital and differential analog outputs. The maximum frequency of the digital output can be as high as 25 MHz.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated environment compensation unit with wireless sensors\u003c\/strong\u003e – \u003cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003eHigh precision laser interferometer measurements require the use of air temperature, pressure and humidity sensors. Additionally a few base temperature sensors are also recommended. HPI-3D integrates, in standard configuration, an environment compensation unit together with maintenance free wireless sensors.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWireless connection to a PC (USB can be used as well)\u003c\/strong\u003e – HPI-3D offers user a flexibility of choosing the method for connecting the device to computer. If the performance is the issue then the classic USB cable connection can be used. For the simplicity and ease of use a wireless Bluetooth interface is available. Each choice is right!\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eUser friendly software \u003c\/strong\u003e– The HPI Software has been and is developed on the base of the constant feedback from users. It is simple to use yet with rich set of features. Measurements and analysis are performed from a single application with common driving interface – easy and fast!\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCommunication protocol and drivers available for the user\u003c\/strong\u003e – For certain applications the rich functionality of HPI Software may be not enough. In those cases the user can built its own software utilizing functionality of the HPI-3D. The necessary drivers and programming API is available\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFree software updates avaialble through the www.lasertex.eu webpage \u003c\/strong\u003e– The full and unlimited version of the HPI-3D software is always available for download through the \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/www.lasertex.eu\/\"\u003ewww.lasertex.eu\u003c\/a\u003e webpage. The new, improved versions are available on the webpage regularly and available at no cost\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eCompact construction\u003c\/strong\u003e – laser head integrates distance measurement, environmental compensation and encoder output paths\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePortability in a small and sturdy case \u003c\/strong\u003e– HPI-3D is a highly integrated device with many functional modules placed in a sturdy case. The device is designed to be easily transportable. The case consisting the complete laser with linear and angular optical components, environmental sensors, power supply and necessary cables has a volume of 40 volume and weights 10kg\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWide range of available optical components (single and double pass configurations)\u003c\/strong\u003e – HPI-3D is a device allowing many different measurements. Full functionality of the laser interferometer depends on the utilized optical configuration. Usually the simple linear configuration is used but there exists tens of possibilities. The optical elements are offered either as standard components or on user demand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eUser configurable inputs\/outputs\u003c\/strong\u003e – \u003cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003eThe versatility of the HPI-3D reaches new limits with over a dozen of user configurable digital input\/output pins. The functionality of those pins can be modified at any time with the use of HPI Software and is remembered in the non-volatile memory. Through the pins the laser head can be used, for example, to drive stepping motor or to monitor the state of external sensors\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated system for measuring position of laser head in space (rotation, elevation) \u003c\/strong\u003e– \u003cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003eThe most difficult part of each laser interferometer measurement is the alignment of the laser beam path. One of many beam path alignment supporting tools in the HPI-3D device is the built-in indicator of the laser head position in space. It showing the rotation and elevation angles shortening the measurement set-up time especially on more complex machines\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegrated system for measuring position of laser beam \u003c\/strong\u003e– \u003cspan lang=\"EN\"\u003eAn important part of the HPI-3D is the beam position measurement subsystem allowing instantaneous measurements with the laser in three directions (i.e. along and perpendicular to the laser beam). The 3D subsystem is responsible for improving the measurement accuracy of the laser, for delivering straightness data and for simplifying beam path alignment\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eIntegration with an external electronic spirit level\u003c\/strong\u003e – New feature allowing simultaneous measurement of laser interferometer and high accuracy electronic spirit level in the HPI Software. It is now possible for example to control the level, pitch, yaw or roll during single yet simple measurement!\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eThe influence of the outside conditions on the measurement accuracy\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to first equation an interferometer’s unit of measure in length measurement is laser’s wavelength.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1913572186\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/interferometer-formula.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"71\" width=\"212\" alt=\"interferometer formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/interferometer-formula.png\" class=\"wp-image-704 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: N – number of pulses, lambda- light wavelength.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom definition a wavelength depends on laser’s frequency f and the speed of light v in the measuring path.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"112623467\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"68\" width=\"81\" alt=\"formula2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula2.png\" class=\"wp-image-750 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the measurement is done in vacuum, than  v= c = 3*1G m\/s. The speed of light in a medium other than vacuum (e.g. air, water) is lower and is described as\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1553299959\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula3.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"61\" width=\"79\" alt=\"formula3\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula3.png\" class=\"wp-image-751 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eWhere: n – a refraction coefficient.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNormally the refraction coefficient n is a complex variable or even a tensor, but for less accurate calculations it is simplified to a constant. The air coefficient depends mostly on the pressure P, temperature T and humidity H. The dependence \u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1466437172\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/ntph.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"14\" width=\"38\" alt=\"ntph\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/ntph.png\" class=\"wp-image-755 alignnone\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, for the air was empirically determined by Edlen and is described as\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"111613505\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula4.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"109\" width=\"639\" alt=\"formula4\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula4-1024x174.png\" class=\"wp-image-756 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e From the above equations one may obtain the refraction coefficient dependences on T, P and H in usual conditions (T=293K, P=1000hPa, H=50%):\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"749\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1139608560\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formulas-2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"200\" width=\"207\" alt=\"formulas 2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formulas-2.png\" class=\"wp-image-475 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is worth to notice that the most critical parameter is the temperature, because its change influences the coefficient n more than changes in the pressure and much more than changes in the humidity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eThe rules of laser displacement measurements\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eTheory\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDisplacement measurements with the use of a laser interferometer allow obtaining the accuracy of a displacement measurement of 0.4 ppm in air and 0.02 ppm in vacuum. The interferometer was first built by A.A. Michelson in 1881. The simplified schematic of the interferometer is shown in the figure below. Coherent light beam falls on a semi-transparent mirror. This mirror splits the light into two beams. The first goes to the reference arm and reflects from the reflector Z1; the second goes to the measurement arm and reflects form the reflector Z2. The reflected beams meet again on the detector. Because these beams come from the same, coherent, source, they will interfere. When the moving reflector is being displaced, the frequency of the reflected beam in the measurement arm changes. The detector counts the frequency difference between reflected beams – fD. The measured value of the displacement is calculated according to:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg height=\"79\" width=\"236\" alt=\"interferometer formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/interferometer-formula.png\" class=\"wp-image-704 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: N – number of pulses,\u003cbr\u003el – light wavelength.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"703\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1703737442\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/interferometer-schem.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"421\" width=\"545\" alt=\"interferometer schem\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/interferometer-schem-1024x791.png\" class=\"size-large wp-image-705 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eConstruction of real interferometer\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main disadvantage of Michelson interferometer results from the fact that the detector cannot determine, whether fD is negative or positive thus, from the measurements the displacement of the moving reflector without the sign is obtained. Currently there are widely used two methods that allow getting also the direction of the movement. Depending on the number of light frequencies (wavelengths) used in the interferometer, the first is called homodyne (one frequency) and the second heterodyne (two frequencies) method. In the homodyne method, shown on figure below, as a coherent source of light a linearly polarized laser is used. If it is two-mode laser (i.e. it generates two wavelengths) than one mode must be cut off with the use of a properly set polarizer. The polarizing splitter splits the light beam from the laser into two beams polarized vertically (90°) and horizontally (0°). The former is directed to the measurement arm and the latter to the reference one. The frequency of the beam in the measurement arm changes with the movement of the moving reflector. The polarization of the reflected beams is changed to circular with the use of a l\/4 waveplate. After 0° and 45° polarizers, two signals shifted in phase are obtained. The phase shift is +90° when the measurement arm moves to and -90° when it moves from the laser.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"703\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1016383145\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/real-interferometer-schem-homodyne.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"844\" width=\"966\" alt=\"real interferometer schem - homodyne\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/real-interferometer-schem-homodyne.png\" class=\"size-full wp-image-706 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTHE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN INTERFEROMETER WORKING ACCORDING TO THE HOMODYNE METHOD\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e    In the heterodyne method, shown on the next figure, two laser frequencies are used. Therefore a two-frequency laser is needed, e.g. a Zeeman laser. A two-mode laser is not suitable for the heterodyne method interferometer, because the difference between f1 and f2 is usually too high for an electronic counter. The output beam of a Zeeman laser consists of two circularly polarized beams, one polarized leftward and the second rightward. A lambda\/4 waveplate changes circular polarization to linear. The main difference between two described methods is that in the heterodyne one the beam frequency in reference arm differs from the beam frequency in the measuring arm. A detection path is also different – subtracting differential frequencies of reference and measuring arms does the measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e    The heterodyne method gives correct results only when fD does not exceed the difference between the laser frequencies, i.e.: f2 – f1. In reality, that difference, resulting from the Zeeman effect, is about 1MHz. This limits the maximum available velocity of measuring arm, in one direction, to 0.3 m\/s. The next disadvantage of the heterodyne method is, that two frequencies must be used for measurements, while in the homodyne method the second may be used for measuring e.g. a second axis.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"703\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1155394110\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/real-interferometer-schem-heterodyne.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"812\" width=\"996\" alt=\"real interferometer schem - heterodyne\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/real-interferometer-schem-heterodyne.png\" class=\"size-full wp-image-709 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTHE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN INTERFEROMETER, WORKING ACCORDING TO THE HETERODYNE METHOD\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eTypes of errors\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e1. Environmental error\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most important source of errors in machine geometry measurements is the temperature (or more exactly, the change of the temperature) of the measured machine. For example, if the machine’s base is made of steel, then the base’s length increases 11.7um when its temperature changes 1K. It shows how important it is for very precise measurements to measure the temperature of the controlled part of the machine and to use it in readout corrections. This is not a simple task for a few reasons, but the most important one is that, when the machine operates, there are temperature gradients on it. That means, that more than one temperature sensor is needed and that the more sensors are used the better accuracy can be achieved. Moreover the shape of the measured part of the machine may “absorb” a part of the expansion of the material or the part may be built of materials of different expandability. As was mentioned \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/749-2\/\"\u003ehere\u003c\/a\u003e, the temperature influences the accuracy also as it changes the refraction coefficient of the medium the measurements are made in (usually it is air, but may be e.g. water). An Edlen equation was presented, showing how the refraction coefficient of the air changes with the change of the air temperature, pressure and humidity. The errors caused by the change of the wavelength are less important than the mentioned above, but they cannot be abandoned. Roughly, a 1ppm error (i.e. 1um\/m) is caused by: the air temperature change of o 1K, the air pressure change of 4hPa and the air humidity change of 30%.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2. Dead path error\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA dead path error is an error associated with the change in environmental parameters during a measurement. This error occurs when some part of the light path (a dead path) is not included in the temperature (both air and base), pressure and humidity compensation. The dead path of the light path is a distance between the optical interferometer and the base (or the null point) of the measuring position (L1 on figure below). Let the position of the interferometer and the retro-reflector does not change. When there is a change in the air temperature, pressure or humidity, then the wavelength changes on the whole path length (L1 + L2). The path length changes also when the temperature of the base changes. But the correction system will use the correct wavelength only on the length L2 and will correct only this length. The correction will not be made on a dead path L1. In this way, the laser system will “move” the base point. A dead path error is the more severe the greater is the distance between the interferometer and the base point. This error is especially important in laser interferometers where the interferometer is build-up in a common casing with a laser head, because it is then very difficult to reduce a dead path.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1178302338\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dead-path.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"416\" width=\"545\" alt=\"dead path\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dead-path-1024x782.png\" class=\"size-large wp-image-764 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAN ILLUSTRATION OF A DEAD PATH ERROR\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3. Cosine error\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the laser beam is not parallel to a measured axis of a machine (i.e. the optical path is not properly adjusted) then a difference between the real distance and the measured distance occurs. This error of misalignment is known as a cosine error, because its magnitude depends on the angle between the laser beam and the axis of the machine (figure below).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"506857304\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"253\" width=\"517\" alt=\"cosine\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine-1024x500.png\" class=\"wp-image-769 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTHE BEAM UNALIGNMENT AS A CAUSE OF A COSINE ERROR\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf, as a reflector a flat mirror is used, than the beam must be perpendicular to it. If the machine changes its position form point A to point B, then the beam stays perpendicular to the mirror, but moves on its surface. The distance measured by the laser interferometer \u003cimg height=\"21\" width=\"41\" alt=\"cosine sign\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine-sign.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1087\"\u003e, will be smaller, than the real distance \u003cimg height=\"21\" width=\"27\" alt=\"cosine sign2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine-sign2.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-772\"\u003e, according to\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"2057682197\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine-formula.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"41\" width=\"263\" alt=\"cosine formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/cosine-formula.png\" class=\"wp-image-1088 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe above equation is valid also when as a reflector a corn cube is used. The only method of eliminating the cosine error is a proper laser beam alignment done before a measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e4. Abbe error\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn Abbe error occurs when, during measurements, the measured part does not move perfectly straight and there appear angular movements, which cause sloping of the retro-reflector. The sloping of the reflector is the greater the longer is the distance between the axis of the measurement and the axis of movement. This distance is called An Abbe offset. Only the movements in the axis of the measurement are important (see fig. 17.6). An Abbe error may be avoided only when there are no angular movements of the retroreflector in the axis of the measurements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"593024063\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/abbe-error.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"257\" width=\"545\" alt=\"abbe error\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/abbe-error-1024x482.png\" class=\"size-large wp-image-776 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAN ILLUSTRATION OF AN ABBE ERROR\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e5. Laser stability error\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs was already mentioned, in laser measurements the laser wavelength instability changes directly the readout from the interferometer, e.g. a relative instability of the laser in the range of 1ppm, causes an error of 1um on every 1m of a measured distance. Therefore the laser instability error is important mainly in measurements in vacuum (where a refraction coefficient is constant) and when a low stability laser is used (e.g. a semiconductor laser). The stability of usually used in laser measurement systems, HeNe gas lasers is 0.02 ppm, so the stability error may be neglected.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e6. Other errors\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some conditions, a noticeable error may be caused by the electronic part of the interferometer. As the electronics is used mainly for counting, the errors may be associated either with miscounting (some pulses are not counted) or with miscalculating (the calculations are made with finite precision).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e7. Summary\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to show which of the errors influence the accuracy of a laser measurement system the most, an exemplary calculation of errors on a 1m long steel machine is shown below. Different scales of the charts should be taken into account.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1909043752\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/summary.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"279\" width=\"552\" alt=\"summary\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/summary.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1086\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e A CALCULATION OF ERRORS FOR A LASER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WITHOUT THE COMPENSATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"763\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1831632593\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/summary2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"265\" width=\"545\" alt=\"summary2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/summary2-1024x498.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-781 size-large\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA CALCULATION OF ERRORS FOR A LASER MEASUREMENT SYSTEM WITH THE COMPENSATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003ePositioning\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBasis\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Positioning measurement is the very basic measurement performed with the linear optical components: linear retroreflector RL1 and the linear interferometer IL1. Any change in the distance between IL1 and RL1 is detected by the laser head and shown in the HPI Software.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs it is illustrated in the Figure 5.2 both elements are normally aligned along the laser beam. Although IL1 is usually treated as a reference element with the movement of the RL1 measured but the configuration can also be reverse, i.e. RL1 can be stationary with IL1 being translated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"464\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"2111095716\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/positioning.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"88\" width=\"448\" alt=\"positioning\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/positioning-300x59.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-468\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distance L measured in the linear configuration depends significantly on the actual wavelength lair of the laser beam with the formula\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg height=\"74\" width=\"300\" alt=\"formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formula-300x74.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-471 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e,where N denotes the number of interference fringes, \u003cimg height=\"17\" width=\"21\" alt=\"Avac\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/Avac.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-472\"\u003e is the laser wavelength measured in vacuum and n(T,P,H) is the refraction coefficient of the air. The wavelength changes with the fluctuations of the parameters of the air: humidity, pressure and humidity. From the experimental formulas  it may be obtained the refraction coefficient dependences on T, P and H in usual conditions (T=293K, P=1000hPa, H=50%):\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg height=\"290\" width=\"300\" alt=\"formulas 2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/formulas-2-300x290.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-475 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe changes of the wavelength are compensated automatically by the HPI-3D laser head only if the TH sensor is used properly, i.e. placed near the laser beam path. The air pressure is measured inside the laser head.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTemperature compensation\u003ca data-slb-group=\"464\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1023240215\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/base-expandability.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"375\" width=\"447\" alt=\"base expandability\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/base-expandability-300x252.png\" class=\"alignright wp-image-476\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the important factors limiting the precision of every machine is the temperature. In the figure below there is schematically shown a milling machine. On the machine there is a work table with a workpiece. There is also schematically shown the measurement subsystem of the machine, i.e. the Scale. The position encoder (marked as Scale) is the part that is connected to the CNC control. It can be of different construction – magnetic, glass, laser, etc. Its expansion is corrected with positive sign in order to force the CNC control to leave the table in the same position despite the thermal expansion of the scale.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSetup Preparations\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePositioning measurements require optical elements IL1 and RL1 to be aligned along laser beam. Each of the elements can be moved. During positioning measurements the \u003cstrong\u003eAbbe\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eDead Path\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eCosine errors\u003c\/strong\u003e (for details – \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/types-of-errors\/\"\u003eclick here\u003c\/a\u003e) have to be taken into consideration. The usage of the air temperature sensor and at least one base temperature sensor (T1 or T2 or T3) is \u003cstrong\u003eabsolutely necessary\u003c\/strong\u003e! More than one base temperature sensor should be used on long measurement axes, especially where a temperature gradient is possible.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"one_third\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN Y AXIS (left),\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN X AXIS (center),\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN Z AXIS (right)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-group=\"464\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"473625723\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"168\" width=\"216\" alt=\"y measurement\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement-300x233.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-493\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"464\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"995110468\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"171\" width=\"260\" alt=\"x measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment-300x197.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-489\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"464\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1732910665\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"192\" width=\"189\" alt=\"z measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment-296x300.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-491\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eVelocity\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor velocity measurements linear optics should be used. Necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear interferometer IL1\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear retro-reflector RL1\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptional elements are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUSB cable\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManual Strobe\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagnetic holder UM2\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTripod stand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBase temperature sensor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAir temperature sensor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVelocity measurements require optical elements IL1 and RL1 to be aligned along laser beam. Each of the elements can be moved. During velocity measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"505\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"755912125\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/positioning1.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"55\" width=\"300\" alt=\"positioning\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/positioning1-300x55.png\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-506 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVelocity measurements can be performed not only along the laser beam (as shown in the figures above) but also in directions perpendicular to the laser beam. In those two configurations only the retro-reflector RL1 can be moved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"one_third\"\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN Y AXIS (right),\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN X AXIS (center),\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR POSITIONING MEASUREMENTS IN Z AXIS (left)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-group=\"505\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"2070147080\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"168\" width=\"216\" alt=\"y measurement\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement-300x233.png\" class=\"wp-image-493 alignright\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"505\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"118465366\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"171\" width=\"260\" alt=\"x measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment-300x197.png\" class=\"wp-image-489 alignright\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"505\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"971807726\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"192\" width=\"189\" alt=\"z measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment-296x300.png\" class=\"wp-image-491 alignright\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two_third last\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eStraightness\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003eBasis\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn the HPI-3D device the straightness measurements can be performed with three different methods: Angular, Wollaston and 3D.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAngular method is designed to be used in base straightness measurements (like optical autocollimator);\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWollaston method is designed for “movement in space” measurements – e.g. the movement of a machine table or working tool can be characterized;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e3D method is used for rapid estimation of “movement in space” – like Wollaston method but the measurement is performed in the three axes at once.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe main parameters of those methods are described in the Lasertex Technical Data below.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"515\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"161262440\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/straightness-technical-data.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"157\" width=\"300\" alt=\"straightness- technical data\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/straightness-technical-data-300x157.png\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-520 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003eChoose one of the method below:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-tabs-container et_sliderfx_fade et_sliderauto_false et_sliderauto_speed_5000 et_slidertype_top_tabs\"\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"et-tabs-control\"\u003e\n\u003cli class=\"active\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/straightness\/#\"\u003eAngular method\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/straightness\/#\"\u003eWollaston method\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/en\/straightness\/#\"\u003e3D method\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-tabs-content\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-tabs-content-main-wrap\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-tabs-content-wrapper\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et_slidecontent et_shortcode_slide_active\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"515\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1974483917\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular1.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"190\" width=\"509\" alt=\"angular\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular1.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1095\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe operation of the HPI-3D with the angular optics used is shown in the figure below. The laser outputs the laser beam consisting of two polarizations: Horizontal (H) and Vertical (V). It is possible because beam spliter inside IK1 is set at the Brewster angle. Both beams are directed into the measurement path but are parallel shifted by 1’’ or 2’’ distance (depending on the version).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhen the distance between optical elements altered then the frequency of both beams is changed according to the Doppler Effect. The laser head does notice a movement only if there is a rotation of IK1 versus RK1, i.e. when there is difference in lengths of beam paths. The measured distance can then be used to obtain either the rotation angle (pitch or yaw of the machine) or the vertical movement of the optical component (IK1 or RK1).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-info\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eThe laser head with angular optics is insensitive to linear movements.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\nIn the \u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003efigure on the right\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e is shown\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003eing\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e schematically an RK1 on a carriage with all parameters important for calculation. For the clarity the position of IK1 is treated as a reference. The meaning of the parameters is:\u003ca data-slb-group=\"515\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1199756796\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular2-RK1-position.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"218\" width=\"330\" alt=\"angular2 RK1 position\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular2-RK1-position.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-518\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL – base length;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003es – distance between beams on IK1 and RK1 elements;\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003ex – distance measured by the Laser Head\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e– angular rotation of RK1 element\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eh – difference in height between two measurement points\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003eThe Laser Head measures the parameter x while the distance between beams s and the base length L must be set in the parameters of the HPI Software. Then the rotation angle \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eα\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e and the movement in the vertical direction h can be calculated from:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"101\" width=\"113\" alt=\"angular formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular-formula-300x269.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-517\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003eA\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003epplication notes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe angular optics can be used for:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeasurement of pitch or yaw of a machine\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeasurement of straightness of a machine bed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMeasurement of small angles\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of pitch or yaw of a machine \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estraightness of a machine bed\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"515\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1383081251\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular-application.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"154\" width=\"574\" alt=\"angular application\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular-application.png\" class=\"wp-image-1094 alignleft\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eThe explanation of the first two applications is shown in the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003efigure below\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e. The RK1 mounted on a carriage is translated over the measured guide rail. Every length of the carriage (usually 100mm) a measurement is performed. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003eFormulas from previous chapter\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003eare then used for calculation of the angles (for pitch\/yaw measurements) or the vertical translations (for straightness measurements).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIt is worth to notice that such straightness measurement method requires proper choice of measurement points. Choosing points denser than the carriage size results in excessive values of the straightness errors (the shape of the error is proper).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"515\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"355343743\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular-application2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"170\" width=\"584\" alt=\"angular application2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/angular-application2.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-516\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eChoosing points too sparse may effect both the shape and the value of the error as shown in the figure below. In this special case because of too sparse measurement points the laser will not notice the change in the shape of the guide rail – the measured distance between beams will not change!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003e \u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2 align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003e \u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of small angles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003eThe measurement of small angles allows very accurate measurements of small rotations if two conditions are met:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e1. measured angle is within ±5 degrees\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e2. distance between RK1 and the laser head does not change more than a few centimeters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"67\" width=\"313\" alt=\"small angle formula\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/small-angle-formula.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-519\"\u003eThe second limitation comes from the heterodyne effect present in the HPI-3D laser. This effect influences the angle according to (\u003cspan\u003eΔ\u003c\/span\u003el is the change of distance between the laser and RK1 during measurements) :\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp align=\"justify\" lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eFlatness\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch1 lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003eBasis\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003ch1 lang=\"zxx\" class=\"western\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"550\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"563602783\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"114\" width=\"438\" alt=\"flatness2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness2-300x78.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-553\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eFor flatness measurements the angular optics plus additional mirrors should be used. Necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eLaser Head\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003ePower Supply\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eAngular Interferometer IK1\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eAngular Retro-reflector RK1\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eTwo Beam Benders ZK1\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eOptional elements are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eUSB cable\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eManual Strobe\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eMagnetic holder UM2\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eTripod stand\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eAir temperature sensor\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eBase temperature sensor\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"550\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"954040543\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"308\" width=\"536\" alt=\"flatness\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1093\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eTHE ELEMENT SET FOR THE FLATNESS MEASUREMENTS (IK1, RK1 AND ZK1)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eFlatness measurements require that optical elements IK1 and RK1 are aligned along laser beam as shown in the figure below for the first axis. Element IK1 is stationary and element RK1 is moved. Other axes can be measured with the use of one or two beam benders with constant position of the laser head, or by moving the position of the laser head. In both cases realignment of the IK1 and RK1 components is required. It is recommended to use the option with constant position of the laser head because it simplifies the realignment process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-info\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eDuring flatness measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"550\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1882416158\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness3.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"353\" width=\"545\" alt=\"flatness3\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness3.png\" class=\"wp-image-551 alignleft\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR FLATNESS MEASUREMENTS IN ONE OF AXES.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eSquareness\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice of optical elements necessary for squareness measurements depends on the selected measurement method: i.e. 3D or Wollaston. If 3D method is used then the linear optics plus right angle etalon should be used. In this case the necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear Interferometer IL1\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLinear Retro-reflector RL1\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRight angle etalon RE3D or REW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the case of the Wollaston type measurement the necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWollaston prism WP2\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWollaston retro-reflector WRP2\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRight angle etalon REW\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor both methods the optional elements are similar:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUSB cable\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManual Strobe\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagnetic holder UM2\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTripod stand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAir temperature sensor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBase temperature sensor\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSquareness measurements based on the 3D method require optical elements IL1 and RL1 to be first aligned along the laser beam as shown in the figure below. The element RL1 should be moved. Obtained results of the axis straightness should be saved for further processing.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the next phase of the measurements the beam should be directed to the perpendicular axis with the use of right angle etalon RE3D or REW.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"565\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1103975880\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness-1024x187.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"100\" width=\"545\" alt=\"squareness\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness-1024x187.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-566 size-large\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR 3D SQUARENESS MEASUREMENTSFIRST AXIS\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-warning\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eBe careful not change the position of the laser head during alignment of the laser path – the beam path has tobe aligned only with the rotation of either the RE3D or the REW element!\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp lang=\"zxx\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e The optical configuration is shown in the figure below. The measurement of the axis straightness should be performed with the movement of the RL1 element.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"565\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"931745001\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"221\" width=\"545\" alt=\"squareness2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness2-1024x415.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-567 size-large\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR 3D SQUARENESS MEASUREMENTS- SECOND AXIS\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWollaston squareness measurements require optical elements WP2 and WRP2 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figures 10.3A and 10.3B. The beam should be directed to the perpendicular axis with the use of right angle etalon REW. The measurements consist of two parts. In the first part the WP2 is moved between the laser head and the REW prism (Fig. 10.3A). During the second part the WP2 should be placed between REW and WRP2\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"565\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"979283277\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness3.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"343\" width=\"355\" alt=\"squareness3\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness3.png\" class=\"wp-image-570 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR WOLLASTONE SQUARENESS MEASUREMENTS – SCHEMATIC FOR FIRST AXIS. RETURN BEAMS NOT DRAWN FOR FIGURE CLARITY.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"565\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"848899786\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness4.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"310\" width=\"313\" alt=\"squareness4\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness4.png\" class=\"wp-image-572 aligncenter\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR WOLLASTONE SQUARENESS MEASUREMENTS – SCHEMATIC FOR SECOND AXIS. RETURN BEAMS NOT DRAWN FOR FIGURE CLARITY\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-warning\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eThe element WRP2 MUST NOT be moved during measurements. The laser head and the REW should also be not touched during both parts of the measurement.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-info\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eDuring squareness measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eParallelizm\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe choice of optical elements necessary for parallelism measurements depends on the selected measurement method: i.e. 3D or Wollaston. If 3D method is used then the linear optics plus right angle etalon should be used.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e3D method\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this case the necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Laser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Power Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Linear Interferometer \u003cstrong\u003eIL1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Linear Retro-reflector \u003cstrong\u003eRL1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Right angle etalon \u003cstrong\u003eRE3D\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"one_half\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-group=\"580\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1958648591\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallellizm.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"312\" width=\"463\" alt=\"parallellizm\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallellizm-1024x689.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-587\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR 3D PARALLELISM MEASUREMENTS-SCHEMATIC FOR AXIS 1.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"one_half last\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"580\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1520615305\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallelizm2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"315\" width=\"298\" alt=\"parallelizm2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallelizm2.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-588\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR 3D PARALLELISM MEASUREMENTS-SCHEMATIC FOR AXIS 2.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"clear\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParallelism measurements based on the 3D method require optical elements IL1 and RL1 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figures above. The element RL1 should be moved. The beam should be directed to the perpendicular axis with the use of the right angle etalon RE3D.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eWallastone method\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWollaston parallelism measurements require optical elements WP2 and WRP2 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figure 11.3. The element WP2 should be moved\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003efirst along Axis 1 and then along Axis 2. No right angle prism is necessary for this measurement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"580\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"151439469\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallelizm3.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"167\" width=\"520\" alt=\"parallelizm3\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/parallelizm3.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-598\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR WOLLASTONE PARALLELISM MEASUREMENTS – SCHEMATICS\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box et-info\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003eDuring parallelism measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"et-box-content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"post-heading\"\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eDynamic\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"2145683447\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness.png\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eDynamic measurements of distance, velocity or acceleration\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor dynamic measurements of distance, velocity and acceleration the linear optics should be used. Necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Laser head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Power Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Linear interferometer \u003cstrong\u003eIL1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Linear retro-reflector \u003cstrong\u003eRL1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDynamic measurements of distance, velocity and \u003c\/span\u003eacceleration require optical elements IL1 and RL1 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figure below. The laser measures the difference of distance between optical elements (i.e. IL1 and RL1). \u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eDuring dynamic measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1456270866\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness-1024x187.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"100\" width=\"545\" alt=\"squareness\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/squareness-1024x187.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-566 size-large\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDynamic measurements can be performed not only along the laser beam but also in directions perpendicular to the laser beam. These configurations are shown in the figures below. In those two configurations only the retro-reflector RL1 can be moved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"783203602\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"134\" width=\"132\" alt=\"z measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/z-measurment.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-530\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"690862895\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"131\" width=\"169\" alt=\"y measurement\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/y-measurement.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-529\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1430732346\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"129\" width=\"197\" alt=\"x measurment\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/x-measurment.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-528\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamic measurements of angle\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor dynamic measurements of angle the angular optics\u003cbr\u003eshould be used. Necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLaser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Power Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAngular Interferometer \u003cstrong\u003eIK1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Angular Retro-reflector \u003cstrong\u003eRK1\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDynamic measurements of angle require optical elements IK1 and RK1 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figure 13.5. Each of the elements can be moved. During Angular straightness measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"919295046\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"141\" width=\"545\" alt=\"flatness2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/flatness2-1024x265.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-553 size-large\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAngular straightness measurements can be performed not only along the laser beam (as shown in the figures below) but also in directions perpendicular to the laser beam. These configurations are shown in the figures 13.7 and 13.8. In those two configurations only the retro-reflector RK1 can be moved.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1016448707\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic2.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"216\" width=\"300\" alt=\"dynamic2\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic2-300x216.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-637 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"258198376\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic3.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"219\" width=\"300\" alt=\"dynamic3\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic3-300x219.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-638 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1107018169\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"217\" width=\"286\" alt=\"dynamic1\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic.png\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-639\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR ANGULAR DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS IN Y AXIS (left)\u003cbr\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR ANGULAR DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS IN Z AXIS (center)\u003cbr\u003eOPTICAL PATH SET UP FOR ANGULAR DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS IN X AXIS (right)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamic measurements of straightness (Wollaston)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"674293054\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic4.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"108\" width=\"300\" alt=\"dynamic4\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/dynamic4-300x108.png\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-645 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor dynamic measurements of straightness the Wollaston optics should be used. Necessary components are:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Laser Head\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePower Supply\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWollaston prism \u003cstrong\u003eWP2\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Wollaston retro-reflector \u003cstrong\u003eWRP2\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDynamic straightness measurements require optical elements WP2 and WRP2 to be aligned along laser beam as shown in the figure above. Each of the elements can be moved. During dynamic straightness measurements the usage of the air temperature sensor is recommended. Base temperature sensors do not have to be used.  Dynamic straightness measurements can be performed in two configurations – horizontal X or vertical Z. In the configuration X only the straightness of path in the X axis is measured. The same situation is with the Z setup.\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca data-slb-group=\"621\" data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1192641278\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/Wollastone-x-axis.png\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"139\" width=\"300\" alt=\"Wollastone x axis\" src=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/Wollastone-x-axis-300x139.png\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-526 size-medium\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e \u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\" data-mce-block=\"true\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product attribute overview\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"value\" itemprop=\"description\"\u003eLasertex HPI-3D laser interferometer. Range 0-30M ( 80M Available) Resolution 0.1 nm, Accuracy 0.4 ppm, With Tripod, Wireless connection to a PC, Native resolution of 100 pm, Measurements of vibration up to 100 kHz, Dynamic measurements up to 100 000 samples per second, measurable velocity up to +\/- 7m\/s, ntegrated environment compensation unit with wireless sensors.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"prices-tier-container\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-add-form\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cform novalidate=\"novalidate\" id=\"product_addtocart_form\" method=\"post\" action=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/checkout\/cart\/add\/uenc\/aHR0cHM6Ly9pbnNwZWN0aW9uLmllL2xhc2VydGV4LWhwaS0zZC1sYXNlci1pbnRlcmZlcm9tZXRlci1yYW5nZS0wLTMwbS04MG0tYXZhaWxhYmxlLXJlc29sdXRpb24tMC0xLW5tLWFjY3VyYWN5LTAtNC1wcG0td2l0aC10cmlwb2Qtd2lyZWxlc3MtY29ubmVjdGlvbi10by1hLXBjLW5hdGl2ZS1yZXNvbHV0aW9uLW9mLTEwMC1wbS1tZWFzdXJlbWVudHMtb2YtdmlicmF0aW9uLXVwLXRvLTEwMC1raHotZHluYW1pYy1tZWFzdXJlbWVudHMtdXAtdG8tMTAwLTAwMC1zYW1wLmh0bWw%2C\/product\/20572\/\" data-product-sku=\"HPI-3D\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"box-tocart\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\" data-mce-block=\"true\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-bind=\"scope:'instant-purchase'\" id=\"instant-purchase\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"fieldset\"\u003e\n\u003ca data-slb-internal=\"0\" data-slb-asset=\"1403066604\" data-slb-active=\"1\" href=\"http:\/\/lasertex.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/content\/wollastone-y-axis.png\" div=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/form\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv data-shuffle=\"0\" data-limit=\"0\" class=\"block related\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv aria-labelledby=\"block-related-heading\" class=\"block-content content\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"products wrapper grid products-grid   products-grid products-related small-list2\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"products list items product-items owl-carousel show-nav-title owl-loaded owl-drag\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-stage-outer\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-stage\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item active\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/pratt-whitney-ulm1-labmaster-universal-range-internal-0-02-14-0-5-356-mm-range-external-0-13-0-330-mm-direct-reading-range-7-178-mm-instrument-uncertainty-2-0-5l-micro-inch.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item active\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/pratt-whitney-usm-501-pratt-whitney-universal-supermicrometer-range-internal-0-04-range-external-0-11-0-279mm-direct-reading-range-2-50mm-accuracy-10-0-7l-microinch.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item active\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/pratt-whitney-usm-504-pratt-whitney-universal-supermicrometer-accuracy-000010-range-internal-0-04-11-5-1-292mm-range-0-11-0-279mm-direct-reading-range-2-50mm-accuracy-10-0-7l-microinch.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item active\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/tar-al-s300-horizontal-presetting-instrument-application-range-internal-0-1-300mm-04-12-external-40-340mm-1-57-13-5-resolution-0005mm-00002-accuracy-1-5-l-mm-300-000060-l-11-81.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/tar-al-s500-horizontal-presetting-instrument-application-range-internal-0-1-500mm-04-20-external-40-540mm-1-57-21-resolution-0005mm-00002-accuracy-1-5-l-mm-300-000060-l-11-81.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"item product product-item\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product-item-info related-available\"\u003e\n\u003ca class=\"product photo product-item-photo\" href=\"https:\/\/inspection.ie\/tar-al-s1500-horizontal-presetting-instrument-application-range-internal-0-1-1500mm-04-60-external-40-1540mm-1-57-61-resolution-0005mm-00002-accuracy-1-5-l-mm-300-000060-l-11-81.html\" tabindex=\"-1\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"product details product-item-details\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"owl-nav\"\u003e\n\u003cbutton class=\"owl-prev disabled\" role=\"presentation\" type=\"button\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003cbutton class=\"owl-next\" role=\"presentation\" type=\"button\"\u003e\u003c\/button\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"clearer\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/main\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"page-bottom\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"footer-brands\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"am-widget-brand-slider\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ambrands-slider-container amslider_id9404\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"amslider_id9404\" class=\"ambrands-slider amslider -enable\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"ambrands-inner\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-container swiper-container-horizontal\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"swiper-wrapper\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"Lasertex","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53499743175031,"sku":"HPI-3D","price":19950.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0788\/8047\/3402\/files\/15-04-2016_18-45-41_1.jpg?v=1730644304","url":"https:\/\/mqs.co.uk\/products\/lasertex-hpi-3d-laser-interferometer-range-0-30m-80m-available-resolution-0-1-nm-accuracy-0-4-ppm-with-tripod-wireless-connection-to-a-pc-native-resolution-of-100-pm-measurements-of-vibration-up-to-100-khz-dynamic-measurements-up-to-100-000-samp","provider":"MQS SHOP","version":"1.0","type":"link"}